Fall has arrived in Scandinavia, which implies Nobel Prize season is right here.
The begin of October is when the Nobel committees get collectively in Stockholm and Oslo to announce the winners of the yearly awards.
First up, as traditional, is the Nobel Prize in medication or physiology, which can be introduced Monday by a panel of judges at the Karolinska Institute in the Swedish capital. The prizes in physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics will comply with, with one announcement each weekday till October 9.
Here are some issues to know about the Nobel Prizes:
The Nobel Prizes have been created by Alfred Nobel, a Nineteenth-century businessman and chemist from Sweden. He held greater than 300 patents however his declare to fame earlier than the Nobel Prizes was having invented dynamite by mixing nitroglycerine with a compound that made the explosive extra steady.
Dynamite quickly turned widespread in development and mining in addition to in the weapons business. It made Nobel a really wealthy man. Perhaps it additionally made him assume about his legacy, as a result of towards the finish of his life he determined to use his huge fortune to fund annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”
The first Nobel Prizes have been offered in 1901, 5 years after his dying. In 1968, a sixth prize was created, for economics, by Sweden’s central financial institution. Though Nobel purists stress that the economics prize is technically not a Nobel Prize, it’s at all times offered along with the others.
For causes that aren’t totally clear, Nobel determined that the peace prize needs to be awarded in Norway and the different prizes in Sweden. Nobel historians suspect Sweden’s historical past of militarism could have been an element.
During Nobel’s lifetime, Sweden and Norway have been in a union, which the Norwegians reluctantly joined after the Swedes invaded their nation in 1814. It’s doable that Nobel thought Norway can be a extra appropriate location for a prize meant to encourage “fellowship among nations.”
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To at the present time, the Nobel Peace Prize is a totally Norwegian affair, with the winners chosen and introduced by a Norwegian committee. The peace prize even has its personal ceremony in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on Dec. 10 — the anniversary of Nobel’s dying — whereas the different prizes are offered in Stockholm.
The Nobel Prizes challenge an aura of being above the political fray, targeted solely on the advantage of humanity. But the peace and literature awards, specifically, are generally accused of being politicized. Critics query whether or not winners are chosen as a result of their work is actually excellent or as a result of it aligns with the political preferences of the judges.
The scrutiny can get intense for high-profile awards, resembling in 2009, when President Barack Obama received the peace prize lower than a yr after taking workplace.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee is an impartial physique that insists its solely mission is to perform the will of Alfred Nobel. However, it does have hyperlinks to Norway’s political system. The 5 members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, so the panel’s composition displays the energy stability in the legislature.
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To keep away from the notion that the prizes are influenced by Norway’s political leaders, sitting members of the Norwegian authorities or Parliament are barred from serving on the committee. Even so, the panel is not at all times considered as impartial by overseas international locations. When imprisoned Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo received the peace prize in 2010, Beijing responded by freezing commerce talks with Norway. It took years for Norway-China relations to be restored.
One purpose the prizes are so well-known is they arrive with a beneficiant amount of money. The Nobel Foundation, which administers the awards, raised the prize cash by 10% this yr to 11 million kronor (about $1 million). In addition to the cash, the winners obtain an 18-carat gold medal and diploma after they accumulate their Nobel Prizes at the award ceremonies in December.
Most winners are proud and humbled by becoming a member of the pantheon of Nobel laureates, from Albert Einstein to Mother Teresa. But two winners refused their Nobel Prizes: French author Jean-Paul Sartre, who turned down the literature prize in 1964, and Vietnamese politician Le Duc Tho, who declined the peace prize that he was meant to share with U.S. diplomat Henry Kissinger in 1973.
Several others weren’t ready to obtain their awards as a result of they have been imprisoned, resembling Belarusian pro-democracy activist Ales Bialiatski, who shared final yr’s peace prize with human rights teams in Ukraine and Russia.
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Historically, the overwhelming majority of Nobel Prize winners have been white males. Though that’s began to change, there may be nonetheless little range amongst Nobel winners, significantly in the science classes.
To date, 60 ladies have received Nobel Prizes, together with 25 in the scientific classes. Only 4 ladies have received the Nobel Prize in physics and simply two have received the economics prize.
In the early days of the Nobel Prizes, the lack of range amongst winners could possibly be defined by the lack of range amongst scientists basically. But right this moment critics say the judges want to do a greater job at highlighting discoveries made by ladies and scientists outdoors Europe and North America.
The prize committees say their selections are primarily based on scientific benefit, not gender, nationality or race. However, they aren’t deaf to the criticism. Five years in the past, the head of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences stated it had began to ask nominating our bodies to make certain they don’t overlook “women or people of other ethnicities or nationalities in their nominations.”
